What is CARBOHYDRATES ???
A long chains of sugars. Composed of monosaccharides (simple sugar), Disaccharides (combination of 2 monosaccharides), oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (polymers of monosaccharides).
There are two types of carbohydrates :
i) Complex carbohydrates : composed of the more than two molecules of sugar that are bind together in form of branched.
_ Provide vitamins, minerals and rich in fibers.
- Example of food : Breads, rice, pasta, starchy vegetables and other food that contain complex carbohydrates.
ii) Simple carbohydrates : composed of one or two sugar molecules only and the quickest source of energy because they are rapidly digested.
_ Found in foods such as fruits, milks and vegetables
- Example of food : Table sugar, honey,candy and refined sugar products that can also provide energy.
What is the function of carbohydrate ?
i) To store energy in the form of starch (in plants) or glycogen (in animals and plants)
ii) To provide the energy through metabolism pathways and cycles.
iii)To form the structural support components in the cell and tissue like construct the body organ in cells and tissue.
iv) To supply the carbon for synthesis to the other compounds that needed.
There are three groups of carbohydrates:
i) Monosaccharides:
- Simple sugars that contain aldehyde group (-CHO) or ketone group (C=O)
- Ketone (carbonyl) group is a ketose/ keto-sugar/ aldo-sugar.
- Aldehyde (carbonyl) group is aldose.
- Include glyceraldehyde, glucose, galactose, fructose and ribose.
ii) Disaccharides :
- Form from the condensation reaction between two monosaccharides by forming the glycosidic bond.
-There are three formation of disaccharides:
a) Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
There are two types of carbohydrates :
i) Complex carbohydrates : composed of the more than two molecules of sugar that are bind together in form of branched.
_ Provide vitamins, minerals and rich in fibers.
- Example of food : Breads, rice, pasta, starchy vegetables and other food that contain complex carbohydrates.
ii) Simple carbohydrates : composed of one or two sugar molecules only and the quickest source of energy because they are rapidly digested.
_ Found in foods such as fruits, milks and vegetables
- Example of food : Table sugar, honey,candy and refined sugar products that can also provide energy.
What is the function of carbohydrate ?
i) To store energy in the form of starch (in plants) or glycogen (in animals and plants)
ii) To provide the energy through metabolism pathways and cycles.
iii)To form the structural support components in the cell and tissue like construct the body organ in cells and tissue.
iv) To supply the carbon for synthesis to the other compounds that needed.
There are three groups of carbohydrates:
i) Monosaccharides:
- Simple sugars that contain aldehyde group (-CHO) or ketone group (C=O)
- Ketone (carbonyl) group is a ketose/ keto-sugar/ aldo-sugar.
- Aldehyde (carbonyl) group is aldose.
- Include glyceraldehyde, glucose, galactose, fructose and ribose.
ii) Disaccharides :
- Form from the condensation reaction between two monosaccharides by forming the glycosidic bond.
-There are three formation of disaccharides:
a) Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
b) Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
c) Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)
iii) Oligosaccharides :
The example of oligosaccharides are maltodextrins and fructo-oligo-saccharides.
iv) Polysaccharides :
- Homopolysaccharides made up of a single monosaccharides.
- Heteropolysaccharides is a polysaccharides that formed from 2 or more monosaccharides through the process of condensation.
- This formation of polysaccharides are linked together by the glycosidic bonds and the chain can be branched or not depends on the linked monomers.
- Example : Glycogen, cellulose, chitin and starch.
Starch:
- Composed of two polyglucose:
i) Amylose:
* Unbranched polyglucose : linked at C1 and C4, soluble in water
ii) Amylopectin:
* Highly branched : linked at C1 and C6, insoluble in water
Glycogen:
- The main storage polysaccharides of animal cell.
- Present in liver and mostly in muscle cell because it will give an energy for the metabolic activities.
- Branched-chain molecules formed from the formation of α-glucose molecules that are linked together by 1,4-glycosidic bond.
- The branches are linked by 1,6-glycosidic bonds and the molecule are coiled into a helix.
Cellulose :
- The main storage polysaccharides of plant cell.
- Has a long unbranched-chain molecules that are linked by the hydrogen bonds.
_ The molecules are consists of β-glucose molecules that linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds to form cellulose.
The example of oligosaccharides are maltodextrins and fructo-oligo-saccharides.
iv) Polysaccharides :
- Homopolysaccharides made up of a single monosaccharides.
- Heteropolysaccharides is a polysaccharides that formed from 2 or more monosaccharides through the process of condensation.
- This formation of polysaccharides are linked together by the glycosidic bonds and the chain can be branched or not depends on the linked monomers.
- Example : Glycogen, cellulose, chitin and starch.
Starch:
- Composed of two polyglucose:
i) Amylose:
* Unbranched polyglucose : linked at C1 and C4, soluble in water
ii) Amylopectin:
* Highly branched : linked at C1 and C6, insoluble in water
Glycogen:
- The main storage polysaccharides of animal cell.
- Present in liver and mostly in muscle cell because it will give an energy for the metabolic activities.
- Branched-chain molecules formed from the formation of α-glucose molecules that are linked together by 1,4-glycosidic bond.
- The branches are linked by 1,6-glycosidic bonds and the molecule are coiled into a helix.
Cellulose :
- The main storage polysaccharides of plant cell.
- Has a long unbranched-chain molecules that are linked by the hydrogen bonds.
_ The molecules are consists of β-glucose molecules that linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds to form cellulose.
Chitin :
- The unit : glucosamine
- Chitin has an amide group instead of hydroxyl group
(Chitin vs. Chitosan)
- Chitosan has an amine group instead of an amide group.
- Therefore, chitosan does not have carbons double bonded to oxygen.
- The unit : glucosamine
- Chitin has an amide group instead of hydroxyl group
(Chitin vs. Chitosan)
- Chitosan has an amine group instead of an amide group.
- Therefore, chitosan does not have carbons double bonded to oxygen.
~~~ How to start your healthy day ? ~~~
Try these tips for adding healthy carbohydrates to your diet:
1. Start the day with whole grains. Try a hot cereal, like steel cut or old fashioned oats (not instant oatmeal), or a cold cereal that lists a whole grain first on the ingredient list and is low in sugar. A good rule of thumb: Choose a cereal that has at least 4 grams of fiber and less than 8 grams of sugar per serving. 2. Use whole grain breads for lunch or snacks. Confused about how to find a whole-grain bread? Look for bread that lists as the first ingredient whole wheat, whole rye, or some other whole grain —and even better, one that is made with only whole grains, such as 100 percent whole wheat bread. 3. Also look beyond the bread aisle. Whole wheat bread is often made with finely ground flour, and bread products are often high in sodium. Instead of bread, try a whole grain in salad form such as brown rice or quinoa. 4. Choose whole fruit instead of juice. An orange has two times as much fiber and half as much sugar as a 12-ounce glass of orange juice. 5. Pass on potatoes, and instead bring on the beans. Rather than fill up on potatoes – which have been found to promote weight gain – choose beans for an excellent source of slowly digested carbohydrates. Beans and other legumes such as chickpeas also provide a healthy dose of protein. Source : The Nutrition Source, Harvard T.H Chan, School of Public Health References1. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2392-404. |